18 SAT Grammar Rules You Need to Know

18 SAT Grammar Rules You Need to Know

Master these essential grammar rules to ace the Digital SAT Reading and Writing section.

The Digital SAT Reading and Writing section tests grammar knowledge through 'Standard English Conventions' questions. These questions typically test a variety of grammar rules, including subject-verb agreement, verb tense consistency, pronoun-antecedent agreement, and more.

Understanding these rules is crucial not only for this section but also for overall reading comprehension and clear communication. This guide will explain 18 key SAT grammar rules tested on the SAT, how they're tested, and give examples and practice questions to help you succeed.

1. Subject-Verb Agreement

Rule: Subjects and verbs must agree in number. Singular subjects take singular verbs, and plural subjects take plural verbs. This rule is often tested by separating the subject and verb with phrases.

How it's tested: The SAT will try to trick you with phrases or clauses between the subject and verb, making it harder to identify the true subject.

Examples:

Correct: The doctor with the white coat works at the local hospital.

This is correct because the singular subject "doctor" agrees with the singular verb "works". The phrase "with the white coat" doesn't affect the agreement.

Incorrect: The players on the team wants to win the championship.

This is incorrect because the plural subject "players" doesn't agree with the singular verb "wants". Don't be fooled by the singular "team" - "players" is the subject.

Correct: The players on the team want to win the championship.

This is correct because the plural subject "players" agrees with the plural verb "want".

Practice Questions:

1. The teacher, along with several other professors, _____ highly qualified.

A) are

B) is

Answer: B - The subject "teacher" is singular. Phrases beginning with "along with" do not make the subject plural. The verb must agree with the singular subject "teacher", not the professors in the prepositional phrase.

2. Each of the players _____ scored a goal.

A) have

B) has

Answer: B - The subject is "each", which is always singular. Even though "players" is plural, "each" is the subject and requires a singular verb. Words like "each", "every", "anyone", and "nobody" are always singular.

2. Verb Tense Consistency

Rule: Verb tenses should be consistent within a sentence and paragraph. Shifts in tense should only occur when there is a logical reason, such as when describing events at different times.

How it's tested: The SAT will present sentences or paragraphs with unnecessary tense shifts, requiring you to choose the consistent verb form. Clues within the sentence and surrounding sentences, such as time references, should indicate the correct tense.

Examples:

Incorrect: Yesterday, Sarah bought a ticket and flies to Paris.

This is incorrect because it illogically shifts from past tense "bought" to present tense "flies" when describing events that happened yesterday.

Correct: Yesterday, Sarah bought a ticket and flew to Paris.

This is correct because both verbs "bought" and "flew" are in the past tense, matching the time reference "yesterday".

Incorrect: Michael works at a hospital. He liked helping patients.

This is incorrect because it shifts from present tense "works" to past tense "liked" without any logical reason.

Correct: Michael works at a hospital. He likes helping patients.

This is correct because both verbs "works" and "likes" are in the present tense, maintaining consistency.

Practice Questions:

1. The artist _____ inspired by nature when she creates her paintings.

A) was

B) is

Answer: B - The verb tense should match "creates" which is in present tense. Since this describes an ongoing state, present tense "is" maintains consistency.

2. By the time she arrived, the show _____.

A) had already started

B) already started

Answer: A - Past perfect tense "had already started" is needed because it describes an action completed before another past action ("arrived").

3. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Rule: Pronouns must agree with their antecedents (the nouns they refer to) in number and gender. Singular antecedents take singular pronouns; plural antecedents take plural pronouns.

How it's tested: The SAT may use sentences where a pronoun does not match the number or gender of its antecedent.

Examples:

Incorrect: The basketball team's coach only speaks when they want feedback from players.

This is incorrect because the singular antecedent "coach" is paired with the plural pronoun "they".

Correct: The basketball team's coach only speaks when he wants feedback from players.

This is correct because the singular pronoun "he" agrees with the singular antecedent "coach".

Incorrect: James used their laptop.

This is incorrect because the plural pronoun "their" doesn't agree with the singular antecedent "James".

Correct: James used his laptop.

This is correct because the singular pronoun "his" agrees with the singular antecedent "James".

Practice Questions:

1. The students finished _____ projects early.

A) his

B) their

Answer: B - The plural noun "students" requires the plural pronoun "their" to maintain agreement.

2. Each participant will receive _____ award at the ceremony.

A) his or her

B) their

Answer: A - The singular noun "each participant" requires the singular pronoun "his or her" to maintain agreement.

4. Correct Use of Possessive Pronouns and Contractions

Rule: Understand the difference between possessive pronouns (its, their) and contractions (it's, they're). Apostrophes in pronouns signify contractions, meaning "it is" or "they are". Possessive pronouns show ownership.

How it's tested: The SAT frequently tests the difference between its/it's, and their/they're, requiring you to choose the correct form based on the sentence.

Examples:

Incorrect: The company launched it's new product in March.

This is incorrect because "it's" is a contraction meaning "it is". The sentence needs the possessive pronoun "its" to show ownership.

Correct: The company launched its new product in March.

This is correct because "its" is the possessive pronoun showing the product belongs to the company.

Incorrect: Rome and Venice are beautiful Italian cities, and their famous for their architecture.

This is incorrect because "their" is a possessive pronoun, but the sentence needs the contraction "they're" meaning "they are".

Correct: Rome and Venice are beautiful Italian cities, and they're famous for their architecture.

This is correct because "they're" is the contraction of "they are", which is what the sentence requires.

Practice Questions:

1. The dog wagged _____ tail excitedly.

A) its

B) it's

Answer: A - The possessive pronoun "its" is needed to show ownership of the tail by the dog.

2. _____ going to the park later this afternoon.

A) They're

B) Their

Answer: A - The contraction "They're" (meaning "they are") is needed here, not the possessive “their”.

5. Plural and Possessive Nouns

Rule: Regular plural nouns are made by adding -s or -es. To make a regular plural noun possessive, add an apostrophe after the plural -s or -es. Irregular plural nouns add an apostrophe + -s. Singular nouns are made possessive by adding an apostrophe + -s.

How it's tested: The SAT tests the correct placement of apostrophes with both plural and possessive nouns, in addition to testing whether a noun should be plural or singular.

Examples:

Correct: Store the teachers' books in the supply closet.

This is correct because it shows possession by multiple teachers (plural possessive) with the apostrophe after the plural -s.

Correct: Modern architecture is defined by the architect's use of clean lines.

This is correct because it shows possession by a single architect (singular possessive) with apostrophe + s.

Incorrect: Each evening, several deer's wandered into the garden, eating plants.

This is incorrect because "deer" is already plural and doesn't need an apostrophe since it's not showing possession.

Correct: Each evening, several deer wandered into the garden, eating plants.

This is correct because "deer" is both singular and plural - no change is needed to make it plural.

Practice Questions:

1. The _____ toys were scattered all over the room.

A) childrens'

B) children's

Answer: B - "Children" is an irregular plural noun, so to make it possessive we add apostrophe + s.

2. The _____ meows could be heard from across the street.

A) cats

B) cat's

Answer: A - We need the plural form "cats" here since we're talking about multiple meows, not possession.

6. Modifiers

Rule: The person or thing being modified needs to be as close as possible to the modifier. When a modifying phrase begins a sentence, the noun being modified must immediately follow the comma.

How it's tested: The SAT often presents sentences with misplaced or dangling modifiers, where the modified element isn't clear or is incorrectly placed.

Examples:

Correct: After analyzing the data, the scientists reached their final conclusion.

This is correct because "the scientists" (who did the analyzing) immediately follows the modifying phrase.

Incorrect: Growing up in Paris in 1840, paintings were what Claude Monet excelled at creating.

This is incorrect because the modifier "Growing up in Paris" is describing paintings, which cannot grow up anywhere.

Correct: Growing up in Paris in 1840, Claude Monet excelled at creating paintings.

This is correct because the person who grew up in Paris (Claude Monet) immediately follows the modifying phrase.

Incorrect: An aspiring musician, Michael's dream is to perform at Carnegie Hall next spring.

This is incorrect because "Michael's dream" cannot be an aspiring musician - Michael is the aspiring musician.

Correct: An aspiring musician, Michael dreams of performing at Carnegie Hall next spring.

This is correct because Michael (the aspiring musician) immediately follows the modifying phrase.

Practice Questions:

1. Choose the correct version:

A) Practicing late into the night, the piano was mastered by Sarah.

B) Practicing late into the night, Sarah mastered the piano.

Answer: B - This is correct because "Sarah" (who was practicing) immediately follows the modifying phrase "Practicing late into the night". In option A, it incorrectly suggests that the piano was doing the practicing.

2. Choose the correct version:

A) While walking through the park, a beautiful flower caught my eye.

B) While walking through the park, I spotted a beautiful flower.

Answer: B - This is correct because "I" (the person who was walking) immediately follows the modifying phrase "While walking through the park".

7. Semicolons and Periods

Rule: Semicolons and periods are essentially interchangeable on the SAT. They are used to separate two complete sentences (independent clauses).

How it's tested: The SAT may ask you to choose between a semicolon or a period, or to identify whether a semicolon is correctly used to separate two complete sentences.

Examples:

Correct: The museum is very popular. It attracts millions of visitors each year.

This is correct because a period separates two complete sentences.

Correct: The museum is very popular; it has fascinating exhibits.

This is correct because a semicolon separates two complete sentences.

Correct: The museum is very popular; however, it needs renovation.

This is correct because a semicolon and transitional word connect two complete sentences.

Incorrect: Because Michael loved to create art; he became a painter.

This is incorrect because "Because Michael loved to create art" is not a complete sentence.

Correct: Michael loved to create art; he became a painter.

This is correct because both parts are complete sentences that can stand alone.

Practice Questions:

1. Choose the correct version:

A) The cat was sleeping, it was oblivious to the loud noise.

B) The cat was sleeping; it was oblivious to the loud noise.

Answer: B - This is correct because both parts are complete sentences that can stand alone, so they should be separated by a semicolon rather than a comma.

2. Choose the correct version:

A) Because the museum closed early today; many visitors had to change their plans.

B) The museum closed early today. Many visitors had to change their plans.

Answer: B - This is correct because while both sentences are related, they are better expressed as separate thoughts with a period. The semicolon in option A suggests a stronger connection between the ideas than actually exists.

8. Colons and Dashes

Rule: Colons and dashes introduce lists, explanations, or examples. They must follow a complete sentence (independent clause).

How it's tested: The SAT tests the correct use of colons and dashes, particularly if they are preceded by complete sentences, as well as if they are followed by lists and explanations.

Examples:

Correct: The basketball team needs three key qualities: speed, strength, and teamwork.

This is correct because the colon follows a complete sentence and introduces a list.

Correct: When the storm hit the coast, the lighthouse served its most important function—the powerful beam cut through the darkness, guiding ships safely to harbor.

This is correct because the dash introduces an explanation of the lighthouse's function.

Incorrect: The garden contains many flowers roses, tulips, and daisies.

This is incorrect because it's missing a colon to introduce the list after a complete thought.

Incorrect: Sarah practices several types of dance like: ballet, jazz, tap, and modern.

This is incorrect because "like" and a colon should not be used together - use one or the other.

Correct: Sarah practices several types of dance: ballet, jazz, tap, and modern.

This is correct because the colon follows a complete thought and introduces a list.

Practice Questions:

1. Choose the correct version:

A) The recipe called for several ingredients; flour, sugar, and eggs.

B) The recipe called for several ingredients: flour, sugar, and eggs.

Answer: B - This is correct because the colon follows a complete sentence and properly introduces a list of ingredients.

2. Choose the correct version:

A) She had only one goal in mind; to win the competition.

B) She had only one goal in mind—to win the competition.

Answer: B - This is correct because the dash appropriately introduces an explanation or elaboration of the goal mentioned in the complete sentence.

9. Commas with FANBOYS (Coordinating Conjunctions)

Rule: Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so - FANBOYS) when it joins two independent clauses.

How it's tested: The SAT may present comma splices (two independent clauses joined only by a comma) or incorrectly omit commas with FANBOYS.

Examples:

Correct: The movie was very long, but the story kept me engaged.

This is correct because the comma and FANBOYS conjunction "but" properly join two independent clauses.

Correct: The movie was very long, and the special effects were impressive.

This is correct because the comma and FANBOYS conjunction "and" properly join two independent clauses.

Incorrect: The movie was very long, the story kept me engaged.

This is incorrect because it's a comma splice - two independent clauses joined only by a comma without a conjunction.

Correct: The movie was very long. The story kept me engaged.

This is correct because the period properly separates two independent clauses.

Correct: Action movies and comedies are popular genres; they attract large audiences worldwide.

This is correct because the semicolon properly joins two related independent clauses.

Practice Questions:

1. Choose the correct version:

A) The movie was long but it was still very entertaining.

B) The movie was long, but it was still very entertaining.

Answer: B - This is correct because the comma properly precedes the FANBOYS conjunction "but" when joining two independent clauses.

2. Choose the correct version:

A) She loves to read books, and she also enjoys listening to music.

B) She loves to read books. And she also enjoys listening to music.

Answer: A - This is correct because the comma properly precedes the FANBOYS conjunction "and" when joining two independent clauses.

10. Commas with Dependent Clauses

Rule: When a dependent clause (a clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence) comes before an independent clause, a comma is required.

How it's tested: The SAT tests the correct use of commas with dependent clauses, requiring you to identify when a comma is needed after an introductory dependent clause.

Examples:

Correct: Because the test was very challenging, many students studied for extra hours.

This is correct because a comma separates the dependent clause "Because the test was very challenging" from the independent clause.

Incorrect: Because the test was very challenging many students studied for extra hours.

This is incorrect because it's missing a comma after the introductory dependent clause.

Correct: Although the material was difficult, the students performed well on the exam.

This is correct because a comma separates the dependent clause "Although the material was difficult" from the independent clause.

Incorrect: Although the material was difficult the students performed well on the exam.

This is incorrect because it's missing a comma after the introductory dependent clause.

Practice Questions:

1. Choose the correct version:

A) Although it was raining we decided to go for a walk.

B) Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.

Answer: B - This is correct because a comma properly separates the dependent clause "Although it was raining" from the independent clause.

2. Choose the correct version:

A) After the game ended, the crowd cheered loudly.

B) After the game ended the crowd cheered loudly.

Answer: A - This is correct because a comma properly separates the dependent clause "After the game ended" from the independent clause.

11. Transitional Words and Phrases

Rule: Transitional words and phrases connect ideas and indicate relationships, like continuation, contrast, or cause-and-effect.

How it's tested: The SAT will ask you to choose the correct transitional word or phrase to create the most logical connection between sentences.

Examples:

Correct: The main purpose of studying for the SAT was to improve test scores. However, research shows that test preparation has minimal impact on final results.

This is correct because "However" properly signals the contrast between the expected purpose and the reality of the situation.

Incorrect: The weather was beautiful today. Therefore, bananas are a good source of potassium.

This is incorrect because "Therefore" implies a cause-and-effect relationship, but there is no logical connection between the weather and bananas containing potassium.

Practice Questions:

1. Choose the correct version:

A) The student studied hard for the test. Therefore, she got an A.

B) The student studied hard for the test. However, she got an A.

Answer: A - "Therefore" correctly signals the cause-and-effect relationship between studying hard and getting a good grade. "However" would be incorrect since getting an A is not a contrast to studying hard.

2. Choose the correct version:

A) The team practiced hard all season. However, they lost the championship game.

B) The team scored the winning goal. However, they won the championship game.

Answer: A - "However" correctly signals the contrast between practicing hard and still losing. Choice B incorrectly uses "However" since scoring the winning goal naturally leads to winning the game rather than contrasting with it.

12. Non-Essential Information

Rule: Non-essential information (phrases or clauses) can be removed from a sentence without changing its core meaning. It should be set off by commas, dashes, or parentheses.

How it's tested: The SAT tests your ability to correctly punctuate non-essential information using commas, dashes, or parentheses, and to not mix punctuation types.

Examples:

Correct: Paris, which is the capital of France, attracts millions of tourists.

This is correct because the non-essential information is properly set off by matching commas.

Correct: The Eiffel Tower, which was built in 1889, remains an iconic symbol.

This is correct because the non-essential information is properly set off by matching commas.

Correct: Notre Dame Cathedral—which dates back to medieval times— draws many visitors.

This is correct because the non-essential information is properly set off by matching em dashes.

Correct: The Louvre Museum (which houses the Mona Lisa) is world-famous.

This is correct because the non-essential information is properly set off by matching parentheses.

Incorrect: The Seine River—which flows through Paris, provides scenic views.

This is incorrect because it mixes two different types of punctuation (em dash and comma) to set off the non-essential information.

Incorrect: The Arc de Triomphe, (which honors French soldiers) stands at a major intersection.

This is incorrect because it mixes two different types of punctuation (comma and parentheses) to set off the non-essential information.

Incorrect: The Champs-Élysées (which is a famous avenue, attracts shoppers.

This is incorrect because it mixes two different types of punctuation (parentheses and comma) to set off the non-essential information.

Correct: The Palace of Versailles is outside Paris. It does, however, attract many tourists.

This is correct because it shows an alternative way to express the same idea using two separate sentences with the transitional word "however" properly set off by commas.

Practice Questions:

1. Choose the correct version:

A) The painting, which was created in 1889, is now on display.

B) The painting (which was created in 1889, is now on display.

Answer: A - The non-essential information is properly set off by matching commas. Using parentheses would also be correct, but mixing punctuation types is incorrect.

2. Choose the correct version:

A) The concert—which was highly anticipated—sold out quickly.

B) The concert, which was highly anticipated—sold out quickly.

Answer: A - The non-essential information is properly set off by matching em dashes. Choice B incorrectly mixes comma and em dash punctuation.

13. Commas with Names and Titles

Rule: Use commas to set off names or titles when they are non-essential (add extra information but are not needed for the sentence to make sense). Essential names/titles should not have commas.

How it's tested: The SAT tests whether you can identify when commas are needed around names and titles by asking you to choose when they are essential vs. non-essential.

Examples:

Correct: The team coached by basketball legend Michael Jordan went on to win three consecutive championships.

This is correct because "basketball legend Michael Jordan" is essential information needed to identify which team is being discussed, so no commas are used.

Correct: The team coached by the former Chicago Bulls star, Michael Jordan, went on to win three consecutive championships.

This is correct because "Michael Jordan" is additional, non-essential information about the already identified "former Chicago Bulls star", so it's properly set off by commas.

Incorrect: The team coached by basketball legend, Michael Jordan, went on to win three consecutive championships.

This is incorrect because it uses commas around an essential name that's needed to identify which basketball legend is being discussed. The commas should be removed.

Practice Questions:

1. Choose the correct version:

A) Jane Austen the author wrote many novels.

B) The author, Jane Austen, wrote many novels.

Answer: B - "Jane Austen" is non-essential information that provides additional detail about "the author", so it should be set off by commas.

2. Choose the correct version:

A) The article about Dr Smith was very informative.

B) The article about, Dr Smith, was very informative.

Answer: A - "Dr Smith" is essential information needed to identify which article is being discussed, so no commas should be used.

15. Faulty Comparisons

Rule: Comparisons must be made between equivalent items (people to people, things to things). Use "than" not "then" to form comparisons. "Number" "many" and "fewer" modify plural nouns. "Amount", "much" and "less" modify singular nouns.

How it's tested: The SAT will present sentences that incorrectly compare different types of items, or use words like then or less incorrectly.

Examples:

Incorrect: Though the music of composer Mozart is just as influential as Beethoven, Mozart died at a much younger age.

This is incorrect because it compares "the music" to "Beethoven" directly, rather than comparing equivalent items (music to music).

Correct: Though the music of composer Mozart is just as influential as the music of Beethoven, Mozart died at a much younger age.

This is correct because it compares equivalent items - "the music" of Mozart to "the music" of Beethoven.

Correct: The speed of cheetahs is much greater than that of other big cats.

This is correct because it properly uses "than" for comparison and compares equivalent items (speed to speed).

Incorrect: The speed of cheetahs is much greater then that of other big cats.

This is incorrect because it uses "then" (which indicates time sequence) instead of "than" (which is used for comparisons).

Correct: There were fewer books, not less books.

This is correct because it uses "fewer" with the countable noun "books". "Less" would be incorrect as it's used with uncountable nouns.

Practice Questions:

1. Choose the correct version:

A) The new car is much faster then my old one.

B) The new car is much faster than my old one.

Answer: B - "Than" is used for comparisons, while "then" is used to indicate time sequence.

2. Choose the correct version:

A) There are less students in the classroom this year.

B) There are fewer students in the classroom this year.

Answer: B - "Fewer" is used with countable nouns like "students", while "less" is used with uncountable nouns.

16. Question Marks

Rule: Question marks are used for direct questions. Indirect questions, which are integrated into a sentence, do not use question marks and end in periods.

How it's tested: The SAT tests whether question marks are used correctly or incorrectly, particularly in relation to direct and indirect questions.

Examples:

Correct: The research conducted by marine biologist Jacques Cousteau aimed to answer one central question: what impact does ocean pollution have on coral reef ecosystems?

This is correct because it properly uses a colon to introduce a direct question, which is then followed by a question mark.

Incorrect: The research conducted by marine biologist Jacques Cousteau aimed to answer what impact ocean pollution has on coral reef ecosystems?

This is incorrect because it uses a question mark at the end of an indirect question. Indirect questions should end with a period, not a question mark.

Practice Questions:

1. Choose the correct version:

A) I was wondering, if you could help me with this?

B) I was wondering if you could help me with this.

Answer: B - This is an indirect question, so it should end with a period, not a question mark.

2. Choose the correct version:

A) She asked "What time is it"?

B) She asked: "What time is it?"

Answer: B - For direct questions in quotations, the question mark goes inside the quotation marks. A colon is used to introduce the direct quote.

17. Word Choice (Diction)

Rule: Select words that have the correct meaning and register (formal vs. informal). Pay attention to commonly confused words such as affect/effect, than/then, allusion/illusion, elicit/illicit, and anyway/anyways.

How it's tested: The SAT will try to trick you by using words that sound similar but have different meanings. You will need to select the word that fits best in the sentence, based on meaning and register.

Examples:

Correct: The effect of excessive screen time on children's sleep patterns has been well documented.

This is correct because "effect" is used as a noun to describe the result/impact of screen time on sleep.

Incorrect: The affect of excessive screen time on children's sleep patterns has been well documented.

This is incorrect because "affect" is being used as a noun when it should be "effect" since we're referring to the result/impact of screen time.

Correct: From the ancient pyramids of Egypt to the towering skyscrapers of Dubai, Middle Eastern architecture demonstrates remarkable engineering innovation.

This is correct because it uses formal language ("remarkable engineering innovation") appropriate for academic writing.

Incorrect: From the ancient pyramids of Egypt to the towering skyscrapers of Dubai, Middle Eastern architecture shows a ton of engineering innovation.

This is incorrect because "a ton of" is informal/colloquial language that's inappropriate for academic writing. "Remarkable" or similar formal phrasing should be used instead.

Practice Questions:

1. Choose the correct version:

A) The new law will affect the citizens positively.

B) The new law will effect the citizens positively.

Answer: A - "Affect" is the correct verb meaning "to influence or make a change to something." "Effect" is typically used as a noun meaning "a result or consequence."

2. Choose the correct version:

A) The illusion to Shakespeare was obvious in her essay.

B) The allusion to Shakespeare was obvious in her essay.

Answer: B - "Allusion" means "an indirect reference," while "illusion" means "a false perception or belief." Since the sentence refers to a reference to Shakespeare, "allusion" is correct.

18. Shorter is Better

Rule: When multiple answers are grammatically correct and have the same meaning, choose the shortest answer.

How it's tested: The SAT will present several answer choices that are all grammatically correct, but some will be longer or more redundant than others.

Examples:

Correct: The discovery of penicillin revolutionized modern medicine.

This is correct because it expresses the idea concisely without unnecessary redundancy.

Incorrect: The discovery of penicillin brought about and created a revolutionary change and transformation in the field of modern medicine.

This is incorrect because it uses redundant phrases ("brought about and created" and "change and transformation") that add unnecessary length without adding meaning.

Practice Questions:

1. Choose the correct version:

A) The research team conducted multiple different studies of varying types on the topic.

B) The research team conducted multiple studies on the topic.

Answer: B - The word "different" and the phrase "of varying types" are redundant since "multiple" already implies the studies were different. The shorter version conveys the same meaning more concisely.

2. Choose the correct version:

A) The building was tall and big.

B) The building was tall.

Answer: B - "Tall and big" is redundant since "tall" already implies size. The shorter version "tall" conveys the essential meaning without unnecessary words.

By mastering these rules, you'll be well-equipped to tackle the SAT Reading and Writing section with confidence. Remember to practice regularly and apply these rules to various sentence structures. Good luck!