Module I: Reading and Writing

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Environmental pollutants (contaminants from human activities like industrial discharges or agricultural runoffs) can significantly impact plants, as discovered by Jenna Richardson and her team in a study on common wheat. A comprehensive review of over studies assessing various plant species determined that. in every case, physiological or growth-related traits of the plants were noticeably altered between the group exposed to pollutants and a comparable but non-exposed group, irrespective of whether the alteration was advantageous or adverse for the exposed group. Hence, while research on algae might reveal an alteration that benefits the exposed group, and analysis of trees might show a change that's unfavorable for the exposed group, all alterations are meaningful. Thus, the findings of the comprehensive review indicate that _____
Which option most effectively completes the passage?
1
Mark for Review
the reviews that focused on trees were more likely than those concerning algae to detail whether the observed effects were negative.
the research conducted by Jenna Richardson and her team identified significant differences. but studies included in the review of trees other than common wheat likely did not.
the studies on algae likely observed more pronounced effects of pollutant exposure than most tree studies except the research on common wheat by Jenna Richardson and her team.
exposure to environmental pollutants is likely to result in significant changes in plants such as common wheat and in algae, although the specific impact may vary greatly between the two.

Text 1
Despite its compelling narrative, Shelby Foote's "The Civil War: A Narrative," an analysis of the American Civil War, has certain shortcomings as a work of historical scholarship. It overlooks the diplomatic maneuvers in Europe during the war, thereby suggesting that the Confederacy was the conflict's main agitator. Had Foote taken into account the research available to him by
historians such as James McPherson, he would not have missed the impact of European diplomacy on the Confederacy's strategy.
Text 2
Shelby Foote's "The Civil War: A Narrative" offers an engaging if outdated perspective on the American Civil War. Foote's examination of primary sources is commendable, but his overarching claim that the conflict was inevitable due to inflexible military strategies formulated beforehand is questionably oversimplified.
Which choice best describes a difference in how the authors of Text and Text view Shelby Foote's "The Civil War: A Narrative"?

2
Mark for Review
The author of Text 1 argues that Foote should have consulted more historical analyses, while the author of Text 2 suggests that Foote's most valuable insights come from his own primary research.
author of Text 1 believes that the limited range of Foote's research led him to a flawed conclusion. while the author of Text 2 believes that Foote's central thesis is too simplistic.
The author of Text 1 maintains that the engaging writing style of "The Civil War: A Narrative" renders it worth reading despite any perceived lack in Foote's research, while the author of Text 2 concentrates solely on the problems with Foote's interpretation of the war.
The author of Text 1 posits that Foote would acknowledge the role of European diplomacy in the Civil War, while the author of Text 2 insists that Footo would argue that European influence was not as rigidly planned as other aspects of the war.
Philosophers have dubbed Hannah Arendt the "mother of modern political theory," a title that has appeared in numerous texts about her since the late 20th century. Arendt herself resisted the mother_____ arguing that it didn't encapsulate her contributions to the broader traditions of existential and phenomenological philosophy as well as "political thinker," the designation she preferred.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
3
Mark for Review
designation, however
designation, however;
designation, however,
designation; however.
Neurobiologists Laura Cuaya, Raúl Hernández- Pérez, and colleagues investigated the language detection abilities of eighteen dogs. The researchers monitored the brain activity of Grog (a border collie), Alma (a mixed breed), and other dogs while the animals listened to three recordings: one of The Little Prince being read in Spanish, the second in Hungarian, and a third made up of short, randomly selected fragments of the first two, scrambled so that they didn't resemble human speech. Each dog was familiar with either Spanish or Hungarian, but not both. The team concluded that differences in dogs' anatomical features may affect their ability to distinguish speech from nonspeech.
Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly weaken the team's conclusion?
4
Mark for Review
The pattern of brain activity that long-headed dogs showed when hearing the scrambled recording was different from the pattern of brain activity that short-headed dogs showed when hearing the language they were accustomed to.
Compared with shorter-headed dogs, longer- headed dogs showed little to no difference in brain activity when hearing either Spanish or Hungarian than when hearing the scrambled recording.
Compared with shorter-headed dogs, longer- headed dogs showed a greater difference in brain activity when hearing the language they were accustomed to than when hearing the other language.
Long-headed dogs accustomed to hearing Spanish tended to show more brain activity when hearing Spanish than long-headed dogs accustomed to hearing Hungarian showed when hearing Hungarian
Geneticist Elaine Ostrander led an international collaboration in which Jocelyn Plassais and other researchers investigated the evolutionary history of size variation in modern dogs. The researchers identified multiple versions of the gene regulating the production of IGF-1 (insulin- like growth factor 1) in dogs and found that dogs of the same breed consistently share the same version of the gene. In a discussion of the study, a student hypothesizes that small breeds of dogs (for example, toy poodles) must share a version that represses IGF-1 production that would otherwise confer larger body size.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student's claim?
5
Mark for Review
The majority of the most prevalent dog breeds have limited activity in the gene that regulates IGF-1 production.
An analysis of historical breeding records revealed that the introduction of a specific IGF-1 gene variant in small dog breeds coincided with a marked decrease in average body size over several generations
Some breeds with small body sizes and low IGF-1 concentrations have a different version of the gene regulating IGF-1 production than do toy poodles.
The gene that regulates IGF-1 production is not the only gene that influences body size in dogs but is the only such gene that shows within-breed version consistency.
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