Module I: Reading and Writing

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 Dragon against Tiger is an important work of Nihonga, or classical Japanese painting. Unlike Wada Eisaku, who adopted traditional European methods such as painting with oil on canvas, Hashimoto Gahō ___ traditional Japanese approaches. For instance, Hashimoto produced Dragon against Tiger by applying color pigments to a silk surface.
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Mark for Review
 overlooked
 distrusted
 embraced
 released
Domesticated thousands of years ago in South America, the tomatillo deviates structurally from the wild plant it is descended from. Summer squash, another domesticated crop from the Americas, doesn’t closely resemble any wild plant, and genetic research only recently ___ its ancestor to be the wild Johnny gourd.
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Mark for Review
revealed
expanded
encouraged
petitioned
 The following text is adapted from Anton Chekhov’s 1904 play The Cherry Orchard (translated by Julius West in 1916).
TROFIMOV: Believe me, Anya, believe me! I’m not thirty yet, I’m young, I’m still a student, but I have undergone a great deal! I’m as hungry as the winter, I’m ill, I’m shaken... and where haven’t I been—fate has tossed me everywhere!
As used in the text, what does the word “undergone” most nearly mean?
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Mark for Review
 Uncovered
 Ignored
 Experienced
 Conveyed
 Text corpora such as the British National Corpus are enormous collections of electronically stored texts that can be used for empirical testing of hypotheses regarding the frequency of typical word usage. If one has a ___ that the word “own” has a high incidence in English, for example, an analysis of a corpus can support that hypothesis by showing that “own” is the eighth most commonly used adjective.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
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Mark for Review
 synopsis
 scheme
 recognition
 supposition
 Researchers have long hypothesized that woolly mammoths were hunted to extinction in North America by humans using spears with grooved tips known as Clovis points. One anthropologist set out to test this hypothesis. Using a mechanical spear-thrower, he launched spears with Clovis points into mounds of clay—substitutes for the animals’ large bodies. The projectiles generally penetrated only a few inches into the clay, an amount insufficient to have harmed most woolly mammoths. This led the anthropologist to conclude that hunters using spears with Clovis points likely weren’t the principal drivers of the extinction.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
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Mark for Review
 To argue for the significance of new findings amid an ongoing debate among researchers.
 To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the method used in an experiment.
 To summarize two competing hypotheses and a major finding associated with each one.
 To describe an experiment whose results cast doubt on an established hypothesis.
 In what is now Washington state, the Tulalip Tribes operate the Hibulb Cultural Center. Relying on traditional knowledge to guide the design of exhibits, this institution presents Tulalip history and culture to the tribes’ citizens. The Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa, a tribe in North Dakota, employs a similar strategy in its own cultural center. Both centers contrast with museums that aren’t Indigenous-led when displaying Indigenous artifacts, such museums tend to anticipate mainly non-Indigenous audiences and rely on Eurocentric strategies for designing exhibits.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
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Mark for Review
 It describes how tribal cultural centers designed exhibits of a particular set of artifacts, then analyzes how non-Indigenous institutions designed exhibits of the same artifacts.
 It examines how tribal citizens respond to exhibits at tribal cultural centers, then speculates how non-Indigenous audiences would respond to the same exhibits.
 It discusses two cultural centers operated by tribes, then compares them with non-Indigenous institutions that present Indigenous exhibits.
 It outlines an early strategy for exhibit design used by one tribal cultural center, then explains a newer strategy used by a different tribal cultural center.

Text 1
The University of Wisconsin and the online class provider Coursera are two of the many institutions offering training programs in entrepreneurship. But what results do such programs produce? In a study of aspiring entrepreneurs in the United States, researcher James Chrisman and colleagues addressed this question and reported that participants who received entrepreneurial training showed high performance at their jobs.
Text 2
While studies of entrepreneurial training typically report positive results, a close look reveals widespread methodological shortcomings that could explain those findings. These studies are plagued by insufficient sample sizes, a lack of control groups, and failures to establish pretraining baselines for the measured attributes of participants.
Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would most likely want to know if Chrisman and colleagues took steps to preclude which potential objection to the finding described in Text 1?
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Mark for Review
 The participants would have shown greater responsiveness to the training if the training sessions had lasted longer.
 The participants would have been less likely to show high performance at their jobs if the study sample size had been smaller.
 The participants would have shown high performance at their jobs regardless of whether they received the training.
 The participants would have responded to the training differently if they had not known that they were participating in a study.
“Cocoa” is an example of a loanword—that is, a word that originated in one language and was later adopted by another. The word came to English indirectly from cacao, the Spanish word for the plant that chocolate is made from. Spanish had borrowed it from Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central Mexico, in which the word’s original form is cacahuatl. “Puma” is also Indigenous in origin and entered English through Spanish. But in this case, the original source was Quechua, a language of South America, in which the word for the mountain lion is also puma.
The author makes which point about the Spanish language?
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Mark for Review
 It has served as a medium through which Indigenous languages have influenced English.
 Its contribution to English vocabulary roughly equals the collective contribution by Indigenous languages.
 It adopted Nahuatl and Quechua words in approximately equal numbers.
 It has borrowed words from Indigenous languages and contributed words to them.
In Bolivia, use of solid fuel (e.g., coal, wood) as a share of total household fuel use fell by more than half between 2000 and 2015; such shifts are typically explained by appeal to the energy ladder, a model holding that fuel choice is mediated mainly by household income (specifically, high-technology fuels displace solid fuels as incomes rise). Richard Hosier and Jeffrey Dowd’s study of fuel use in Zimbabwe shows how reductive this model is, however: although income of course constrained fuel choice, several factors, including the difficulty of acquiring fuel sources, influenced decisions.
Based on the text, the author would most likely agree with which statement about household income?
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Mark for Review
 It can explain some but not all of the differences in fuel choice across households.
 It is often said to influence household fuel choice but actually does not.
 It affects household fuel choice but not for the reasons assumed by the energy ladder model.
 It constrains the amount of fuel households use but not the type of fuel they use.
The following text is adapted from Daniel Defoe’s 1704 nonfiction book The Storm.
The sermon is a sound of words spoken to the ear, and prepared only for present meditation, and extends no farther than the strength of memory can convey it; a book printed is a record: remaining in every man’s possession, always ready to renew its acquaintance with his memory, and always ready to be produced as an authority or voucher to any reports he makes out of it, and conveys its contents for ages to come, to the eternity of material men, when the author is forgotten in his grave.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
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Mark for Review
 Words committed to print have a greater permanence than messages that are merely spoken aloud.
 People are less likely to forget a message when they hear it spoken aloud than when they read it in print.
 Unless a spoken message is delivered by an expert, it can be safely ignored.
 Most authors have little hope of being remembered well past their lifetimes.
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