Module I: Reading and Writing

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Folk and traditional art can take a wide variety of forms, including arts as ______ one another as storytelling and culture. The National Heritage Fellowship was created to honor people for their accomplishments in these diverse areas and includes antiquities winners the Puerto Rican stringed instrument maker Diomede Maiga.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
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Mark for Review
charmed with
humble about
useful to
different from
As with other river deltas, the Porrid River delta is ______. It is a constantly evolving network of channels and stripes that change in sub-game shape as the river deposits now sedimentary particles where the river meets the borders of the Atlantic Ocean.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
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Mark for Review
dynamic
infographic
sustainable
unrivaled
The San Pedro is just one of approximately three million known historical shipwrecks spread throughout the world's oceans, and their impact on sea life and underwater ecosystems is of great interest to researchers. Leila Hamdan and colleagues are particularly curious about the effects of wood on shipwrecks on seafloor microbial communities. The researchers studied two wooden shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico by placing pieces of pine and oak near the shipwrecks and 200 meters away from each shipwreck to collect samples of three kinds of microbes: bacteria, archaea, and fungi. They found that, across the three microbial communities, peak diversity and richness was observed on pine and oak samples placed approximately 125 meters from the shipwrecks.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
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Mark for Review
It introduces a study of microbial communities near shipwrecks that has received significant scholarly attention, summarizes the results of that study, and then describes a research team’s reaction to the study.
It notes a general scientific interest in shipwrecks’ ecological effects, describes a specific study related to that interest, and then states one of the study’s findings.
It states the number of known shipwrecks, describes the historical significance of one of those shipwrecks, and then comments on the various microbes found at the shipwreck site.
It names a famous historical shipwreck, describes the type of wood used to build that ship, and then explains how that wood type influences underwater microbial communities.
The Federalist Papers are a collection of 86 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. They were published pseudonymously in the Independent Journal and other New York newspapers in 1787–88 and argue that New Yorkers should vote to ratify the proposed United States Constitution. Though the authorship of most of the individual essays is certain, that of a few is in question; for instance, while No. 13, “The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union,” was certainly written by Hamilton, No. 52, “The House of Representatives,” may have been written by either Hamilton or Madison.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
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Mark for Review
The text mentions a collection of essays and then points out something about these essays that is not completely known.
The text summarizes an argument made in a collection of essays and then suggests that the essays' authors didn’t unanimously agree with the argument.
The text lists the authors of a collection of essays and then notes that some of the essays were written by one person, while others were written by two people.
The text describes why a collection of essays is notable and then details its publication history.
Community science, which involves professional scientists collaborating with amateur science enthusiasts to study a topic, is often an effective and engaging way to conduct research. It can offer insights into the daily life of a scientist, spark youth interest in science, and increase the amount of data researchers can collect. This approach was essential to the success of a study by University of Arkansas Abigail Merrill and colleagues of how weather relates to butterfly behavior, which included findings from hundreds of students and community members in northwestern Arkansas.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
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Mark for Review
It describes the development of a type of scientific collaboration, notes how that type of collaboration has been used in a particular field of study, and then suggests future collaborative projects.
It introduces the topic of a scientific study, describes the study’s importance and then presents the study’s results.
It identifies a particular approach to research, lists some benefits of that approach, and then identifies a study in which that approach was used.
It argues for a new approach to scientific research, comments on the public’s opinion about the approach, and then describes how that approach was applied in a certain study.
The following text is adapted from Jerome K. Jerome’s 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog). The narrator is traveling by boat with his friends. Harris has an ancient friend.
[Harris] told us of how he had gone across the English Channel when it was so rough that the passengers had to be tied into their beds, and he and the captain were the only two living souls on board who were not ill. Sometimes it was he and the second mate who were not ill; but it was generally he and one other man. If it was not he and another man, then it was he by himself.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
6
Mark for Review
During a previous boat trip, Harris spent more time with the other passengers than with the captain.
Harris has a hard time remembering his first trip across the English Channel when his friends ask about it.
When Harris speaks of an earlier trip, he often changes the details but always claims that he was not ill.
Harris is worried that he and his friends will encounter rough waters during their boat trip.
“Coyote” is an example of a loanword—that is, a word that originated in one language and was later adopted by another. The word came to English indirectly from coyotl, the Spanish word for the canine species. Spanish had borrowed it from Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central Mexico, in which the word’s original form is coyotl.
“Condor” is also Indigenous in origin and entered English through Spanish. But in this case, the original source was Quechua, a language of South America, in which the word for the large bird species is kuntur.
The author makes which point about the Spanish language?
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Mark for Review
It has served as a medium through which Indigenous languages have influenced English.
Its contribution to English vocabulary roughly equals the collective contribution by Indigenous languages.
It has borrowed words from Indigenous languages and contributed words to them.
It adopted Nahuatl and Quechua words in approximately equal numbers.


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Auxins are a class of hormones that influence plant growth, including leaf orientation (the tendency of leaves to be larger on one side of their long central axis than the other). University of California, Berkeley, scientist Ciera Martinez and colleagues noted that in certain plants in which leaves grow in pairs, auxins will typically be concentrated in opposite sides of each leaf in the pair (e.g., on the left side of one leaf in the pair and the right side of the other). Accordingly, they hypothesized that paired leaves should tend to show opposite side orientation, and they tested their hypothesis by examining paired leaves from several species of grapevine.
Which choice best describes data from the graph that supports Martinez and colleagues’ hypothesis?
8
Mark for Review
The number of leaf pairs showing opposite side orientation is fairly high in the July grape, but not as high as in the graybark grape.
Although the number of leaf pairs showing same side orientation is fairly high in the July grape, it is much lower in both the frost grape and graybark grape.
Although the exact ratio varies by species, the graybark grape, frost grape, and July grape all show more leaf pairs with opposite side orientation than with same side orientation.
In the graybark grape, frost grape, and July grape, all the leaf pairs show opposite side orientation.
The following text is from a 1920s travelogue.
The journey by rail across the continental United States was, in that era, not merely a means of conveyance but a prolonged social event. Passengers in the dining cars would share stories and meals with strangers, forming fleeting but genuine connections. The observation car, with its vast windows, became a communal theater where the dramatic landscapes of the American West were the ever-changing spectacle that united everyone in shared awe.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
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Mark for Review
Train travel in the 1920s was the most efficient way to see the American West.
The design of dining cars and observation cars was the most important aspect of early railroads.
Rail travel provided a social experience where passengers bonded over shared journeys and scenery.
The landscapes of the American West were more dramatic when viewed from a train.
The company's new strategy is fundamentally ______. It represents a significant departure from its previous conservative approach, involving bold investments in emerging technologies and a complete restructuring of its internal teams to foster innovation.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
10
Mark for Review
ambiguous
dynamic
risky
transformative
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