Module I: Reading and Writing

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Type of resolutionAge 18–29Age 30–49Age 50–64Age 65+
Health and exercise79807976
Finances68635647
Personal relationships63535852
Hobbies65535145
A Pew Research Center survey conducted in January 2024 found that three out of ten US adults make at least one New Year’s resolution (a promise for the year ahead), while half of those who make a resolution make more than one. The survey asked participants what kinds of resolutions they made and separated them into several categories. The table presents percentages of people who make particular kinds of New Year’s resolutions among those who choose to make them, indexed by age bracket.
Which choice best presents a conclusion about the habits of New Year's resolution makers that is best supported by information in the text and the table?
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Mark for Review
The majority of US adults who make resolutions related to health and exercise also make resolutions in multiple additional categories.
Among all US adults, people become less likely to make New Year’s resolutions as they age, regardless of the type of resolution.
Resolution makers between the ages of 18 and 29 are more likely to make resolutions about health and exercise than resolution makers between the ages of 30 and 49 are.
Resolution makers between the ages of 50 and 64 are more likely to make resolutions related to personal relationships and less likely to make resolutions related to finances than resolution makers between the ages of 30 and 49 are.
Richard II is a play from the 1590s by William Shakespeare. Although King Richard has been vanquished by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke, he intimates that he is not entirely ready to show subservience to his cousin, saying, ______
Which quotation from Richard II most effectively illustrates the claim?
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Mark for Review
"I have no name, no title,— / No, not that name was given me at the font,— / But 'tis usurp'd: — Alack the heavy day, / That I have worn so many winters out, / And know not now what name to call myself!"
"Am I both priest and clerk? Well then, amen. / God save the King! although I be not he; / And yet, amen, if heaven do think him me."
"Still my griefs are mine. / You may my glories and my state depose, / But not my griefs; still am I king of those."
"Alack, why am I sent for to a king, / Before I have shook off the regal thoughts / Wherewith I reign'd? I hardly yet have learn'd / To insinuate, flatter, bow, and bend my knee."

SpeciesMinimum depth (meters)Maximum depth (meters)
Acropora echinata825
Danafungia scruposa127
Astreopora expansa515
Scolymia lacera1080
A marine biologist is researching four scleractinian coral species, which are also called stony corals because of the hard skeletons they develop. Consulting the table, she notes that the two species for which the maximum depths are most similar are ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
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Mark for Review
Danafungia scruposa and Scolymia lacera.
Astreopora expansa and Scolymia lacera.
Astreopora expansa and Acropora echinata.
Acropora echinata and Danafungia scruposa.
Interested in how the color of dogs’ irises affects human responses to dogs, Akitsugu Konno et al. showed images of 12 dogs’ faces to human participants and asked them to rate the dogs’ kindness and confidence as well as the likelihood that they would interact with or keep the dogs. The researchers had previously adjusted the images so that each dog was presented in two versions, one with light irises and one with dark irises. They distributed the images such that no participant saw both the light and dark versions of the same dog. Konno et al. found that participants responded more positively to the latter. The study’s design allowed the researchers to exclude the possibility that the results ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
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Mark for Review
were a function of participants emphasizing the colors of the dogs’ irises over the dogs’ kindness and confidence when reacting to the images.
reflected a preference on the part of participants for facial features that happened to coincide with dark irises in the dogs depicted in the images.
could be explained by participants having preexisting positive feelings about dogs with dark irises or preexisting negative feelings about dogs with light irises.
may have been different if participants had been able to see the dogs’ irises in person instead of only seeing images that included the dogs’ irises.
Duckweed is a small freshwater plant that is often exposed to zinc pollution. Sofia Vámos and colleagues collected samples of four duckweed ecotypes (genetically and geographically distinct populations within a species), along with water from each ecotype’s habitat. Hypothesizing that each ecotype is adapted to its local conditions in ways that bolster its growth and resistance to pollutants, the researchers grew each ecotype in all four water samples and with three levels of zinc (none, low, high). (The researchers did not replicate local differences in light or temperature.) They found that the ecotypes grew equally well in all four water samples and that adding zinc consistently enhanced growth, regardless of concentration, suggesting that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
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Mark for Review
while the ecotypes are genetically and geographically distinct, those differences do not represent adaptations to local environmental conditions.
if each ecotype is indeed locally adapted as the researchers hypothesized, those adaptations are to other environmental conditions than the water each ecotype inhabits.
there may not be significant differences in the water that each ecotype inhabits, but there are significant differences in each ecotype’s resistance to zinc pollution.
although the researchers’ hypothesis does not appear to be supported, this may be because the levels of zinc exposure the plants in the experiment received did not match their exposure in their natural environments.
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