Module I: Reading and Writing

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In the US, the Lanham Act allows companies to own trademarks, which are words or images that represent specific products. “Q-tips,” for example, refers to products made specifically by Unilever, the company that owns the trademark. However, the Lanham Act also allows a trademark to be taken away if it ceases to be specific. For example, “zipper” was once a trademark for a particular brand of clothing fastener. Over time, though, people started using “zipper” to refer to many different brands. Because the word had become generic, a court decided that it could no longer be owned as a trademark.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
1
Mark for Review
It adds to the text’s description of products made by Unilever.
It completes the text’s comparison of trademark laws in the US to laws in other countries.
It concludes the text’s argument about how the Lanham Act can be improved.
It begins the text’s discussion of the fact that trademarks can be taken away.
Known for the albums Quiet Nights and Sketches of Spain, jazz trumpeter Miles Davis collaborated several times with pianist Gil Evans. Their 1958 adaptation of George Gershwin’s opera Porgy and Bess bears little resemblance to the 1935 original. Davis and Evans felt no desire to please listeners expecting an exact duplication of the opera. They omitted parts, such as the aria “I Got Plenty of Nuthin,” and sometimes made only brief gestures toward Gershwin’s melodies. But Davis and Evans’s willingness to recompose Gershwin’s work led to one of the most enduring albums in Davis’s catalog.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
2
Mark for Review
It shows why two musicians benefited from ignoring certain conventions.
It explains how one musician’s work influenced another’s.
It describes an attitude that influenced the artistic decisions of two musicians.
It establishes a relationship between two musicians.
In 2015 Floriana Lai and colleagues published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the behavior of Gasterosteus aculeatus, a species of fish. However, Lai and colleagues’ study relied on a mean sample size of only 12 fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists’ conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Jeff C. Clements and colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated effects.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
3
Mark for Review
It summarizes a shift in scientists’ understanding of how Gasterosteus aculeatus has responded to ocean acidification.
It elaborates on a potential consequence of Lai and colleagues’ reliance on a relatively small sample size.
It emphasizes the magnitude of the effect reported by Lai and colleagues of ocean acidification on Gasterosteus aculeatus.
It counters the objection of Clements and colleagues to studies that rely on relatively small sample sizes.
The following text is from Anne Spencer’s 1922 poem “Translation.”
We trekked into a far country,
My friend and I.
Our deeper content was never spoken,
But each knew all the other said.
He told me how calm his soul was laid
By the lack of anvil and strife.
“The wooing kestrel,” I said, “mutes his mating-note
To please the harmony of this sweet silence.”
Based on the text, which statement is true of the speaker and her friend?
4
Mark for Review
They understand one another’s feelings without having to explicitly discuss them.
They think nature is much less interesting than being in a dynamic city.
They once felt more closely connected to one another than they do now.
They regard the natural world as a place of both peace and conflict.
The fecal-steroidal profile of moose is clearly distinct from that of other ungulates, including bison and elk. By contrast, bison dung cannot be distinguished from elk dung based solely on their fecal-steroidal profiles, as both contain similar levels of beta-sitosterol and cholestanone, among other sterols. However, levels of other taxa-specific digestive by-products, such as cholic acid, can be used to help differentiate between bison and elk samples.
Which statement about bison and elk dung samples is best supported by the text?
5
Mark for Review
They are distinct from each other with respect to both cholestanone and cholic acid content, but bison and moose samples cannot be distinguished from each other based solely on levels of digestive by-products.
They are distinct from each other with respect to cholic acid content but cannot otherwise be distinguished from moose samples based solely on levels of digestive by-products.
They are more distinct with respect to beta-sitosterol content than they are with respect to cholic acid content.
They are less distinct with respect to their steroidal profiles than they are with respect to some other digestive by-products.
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