Module I: Reading and Writing

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The following text is from Rudolfo Anaya' s 1972 novel Bless Me, Ultimo. The young narrator and his friend Cico are staring into the water of a stream in rural New Mexico.

The golden fish swam by gracefully, cautiously, as if tasting the water after a long sleep in his subterranean waters. His powerful tail moved in slow strokes as he slid through the water towards us.
As used in the text, what does the word “tasting” most nearly mean?

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Wearing out
Defeating
Congratulating
Trying out

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? A number of recording artists____ Indigenous music with other musical styles. For example, Wolastoq musician Jeremy Dutcher incorporated traditional Wolastoq songs into experimental pop on his album Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa, and Tuscarora/Taino singer-songwriter Pura Fe combined Indigenous rhythms and vocals with R&B on her album Socred Seed.

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fuse
analyze
acquire
exaggerate

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? While modern composers may often get inspiration from past greats like Ludwig van Beethoven, the extent of their influences is broad. The music of Ernesto Lecuona, for example, can be said to ____ clements of both the dassical European tradition and the social, political, and cultural landscape of his native Cuba.

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defy
neglect
foretell
exhibit

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Though most hoaxes perpetrated as jokes by mischievous users of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia that almost anyone can freely edit, have quickly been detected and removed, a few invented entries, such as those for the town of Stone Ridge, Maryland, and the Civil War general George K. Broomhall, persisted on the site for many years before they were finally recognized as ____ and deleted.

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fictitious
conscientious
straightforward
profound

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? In a garden, ____ the spread of unwelcome weeds such as chickweed can be difficult because weeds usually spread easily and quickly become unmanageable, making it hard to remove them completely.

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saving
pretending
halting
retrieving

In 1827, Rev. John Wilk and other free Black men in New York City founded Freedom's Journal, America's first Black-owned-and-operated newspaper. Wilk's accomplishment is just one example of the rich history of Black journalism in the United States. That history is preserved by the National Association of Black Journalists, which was founded in Washington, DC, in 1975 to support Black media professionals and honor people like 3 Wilk. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

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It introduces the history of an organization honoring Black journalists, then suggests how that organization might recruit more members.
It mentions a specific achievement in Black journalistic history, then describes an organization dedicated to upholding that history.
It summarizes a theory about journalism, then explains how a journalistic practice has changed over time.
It describes the career of a well-known figure in Black journalism, then compares that career to one of a figure who is lesser known.

Though Vasily Grossman's novel Stalingrad is considered inferior to his later work Life and Fate, some critics praise it despite an arduous writing process required to satisfy Soviet censors. Marcel Theroux in The Guardian called Stalingrad "lucid and readable". Of the novel's eleven drafts, the first is largely illegible, the sixth closely hews to Soviet orthodoxy, and published versions most resemble the fifth. The English edition's translators culled material from unpublished drafts and published Russian versions to create a comprehensive edition. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

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Mark for Review
It refers to a novel that has several different published and unpublished versions, identifies characteristics that have led critics to prefer one version to others, and tells how translators justified their choice to bring one particular version of the novel into another language.
It mentions a novel whose quality critics do not agree on, discusses obstacles that make it difficult to determine what the best version of that novel might be, and offers a reason why some critics find a translation of the novel to be superior to the original.
It describes a novel whose critical reputation has declined over time, explains the cause of that decline, and reports the effort of translators to rehabilitate a work they believe has been unjustly ignored.
It notes a novel's critical reception, addresses the complicated history of the novel's development, and suggests how that history informed the work of the novel's English translators.

Hydroelectric generators and many other widely used mechanical systems have moving parts that rub or slide against one another, creating friction. This friction increases energy consumption and causes wear, which decreases the stability and life span of the system. Using carbon nanotubes and oil, Chanaka Kumara and colleagues at a US Department of Energy lab have created a coating for moving parts that reduces friction to the point where it is almost nonexistent. The new coating is suitable for common applications, unlike other approaches that require special conditions. What does the text most strongly suggest about the coating created by Kumara and colleagues?

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It is unlikely to be widely used because it can be applied only under special conditions.
It can likely improve the energy consumption of certain mechanical systems but not of hydroelectric generators.
It is unlikely to reduce wear in mechanical systems that have multiple moving parts.
It can likely be used to reduce energy consumption and wear in hydroelectric generators and other common mechanical systems.

Optimal foraging theory (OFT) holds that animals' foraging behaviors reflect cost-benefit trade-offs that vary by species and with dynamic ecological circumstances. One such circumstance is lunar intensity, which 4 Paul C. Griffiths and colleagues found to be negatively associated with foraging by snowshoe hares but Ian C. Colquhoun found to be positively associated with foraging by black lemurs. This discrepancy is explicable in terms of OFT: the lemurs' greater reliance on vision means that higher lunar intensity benefits them more than it benefits the hares. Information in the text best supports which statement about OFT?

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It can explain why some species act in accordance with cost-benefit trade-offs and others do not.
It may be weakened by the finding that the costs and benefits associated with a particular ecological circumstance vary by species.
It tends to allow for a better understanding of the benefits of ecological circumstances than the costs of those circumstances.
It can account for observations of different species responding differently to similar ecological circumstances.

High-speed rail (HSR) systems have trains that move at much higher speeds than traditional trains. HSR is expanding in Switzerland, Uzbekistan, and many other countries around the world. The United States, however, has been slow to build HSR systems. Researchers surveyed United States residents about their attitudes toward HSR. The researchers claim that this survey reveals that there is strong support for building more HSR lines in the United States.

Which quotation from a survey respondent would best illustrate the underlined claim?

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"I prefer riding buses instead of taking trains because buses travel to more locations."
"I have traveled on high-speed rail lines in Switzerland but not in Uzbekistan."
"I think high-speed rail is wonderful. The United States needs to build more high-speed rail lines."
"I believe that the United States has enough high-speed rail lines. It should invest in airports instead."
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