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Module I: Reading and Writing
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
The recovery program led by Marisel López-Flores has dramatically increased the population size of the endangered Amazona vittata, the endemic parrot of Puerto Rico. Given that A. vittata corresponds in physiology, behavior, and ecology to endangered Amazona species elsewhere in the Caribbean, the conservation approach developed by López-Flores may be ______ across the genus.
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replicable
comprehensible
observable
redeemable
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Although oil shocks—such as the 45% rise in oil prices from November 1980 to February 1981—can strongly affect individual consumers, Gbadebo Oladosu and colleagues have shown that at the level of national economies, their effects are often quite ______. The effect of recent oil shocks on the gross domestic product of the United States, for example, was only slightly greater than zero.
Although oil shocks—such as the 45% rise in oil prices from November 1980 to February 1981—can strongly affect individual consumers, Gbadebo Oladosu and colleagues have shown that at the level of national economies, their effects are often quite ______. The effect of recent oil shocks on the gross domestic product of the United States, for example, was only slightly greater than zero.
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persistent
subdued
beneficial
variable
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Steiger Butte Drum, a family ensemble from the Klamath Tribes of the Pacific Northwest, collaborated with composer Michael Gordon to create Natural History, a work featuring traditional drumming and vocals alongside an orchestra and chorus. Steiger Butte Drum's participation is _____ to the piece: members not only contributed to its composition but also must be included in all performances.
Steiger Butte Drum, a family ensemble from the Klamath Tribes of the Pacific Northwest, collaborated with composer Michael Gordon to create Natural History, a work featuring traditional drumming and vocals alongside an orchestra and chorus. Steiger Butte Drum's participation is _____ to the piece: members not only contributed to its composition but also must be included in all performances.
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analogous
tangential
integral
subsequent
Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
The following text is adapted from Susan Glaspell's 1917 play The People. Oscar, a writer at a newspaper called The People, is writing at a table when a woman enters the office to speak to the editor.
THE WOMAN: This is the office of The People?
OSCAR: Um-hum.
THE WOMAN: (Excitedly.) I came to see the author of those wonderful words.
OSCAR: (Rising.) Which wonderful words?
THE WOMAN: About moving toward the beautiful distances.
OSCAR: (Loses interest and returns to his writing.): Oh. Those are Mr. Wills' wonderful words.
THE WOMAN: Could I see him?
OSCAR: He isn't here yet. He's just back from California. Won't be at the office till a little later.
The following text is adapted from Susan Glaspell's 1917 play The People. Oscar, a writer at a newspaper called The People, is writing at a table when a woman enters the office to speak to the editor.
THE WOMAN: This is the office of The People?
OSCAR: Um-hum.
THE WOMAN: (Excitedly.) I came to see the author of those wonderful words.
OSCAR: (Rising.) Which wonderful words?
THE WOMAN: About moving toward the beautiful distances.
OSCAR: (Loses interest and returns to his writing.): Oh. Those are Mr. Wills' wonderful words.
THE WOMAN: Could I see him?
OSCAR: He isn't here yet. He's just back from California. Won't be at the office till a little later.
4
To indicate that Oscar had been expecting the woman to come to the office
To suggest that Oscar is annoyed that the woman's visit has interrupted his work
To depict Oscar as a polite and professional representative of the newspaper
To show Oscar's brief hope that the woman is fond of his writing
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
Vertical gene transfer involves the transmission of genetic material from a parent to offspring; horizontal gene transfer, on the other hand, involves the exchange of genetic material between organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship. While horizontal gene transfer is common among prokaryotes—single-celled organisms, such as the bacteria Comamonas aquatica and Moraxella caviae—it has rarely been observed among eukaryotes (multicellular organisms). However, new studies suggest that horizontal gene transfer is more common in eukaryotes than originally thought.
Vertical gene transfer involves the transmission of genetic material from a parent to offspring; horizontal gene transfer, on the other hand, involves the exchange of genetic material between organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship. While horizontal gene transfer is common among prokaryotes—single-celled organisms, such as the bacteria Comamonas aquatica and Moraxella caviae—it has rarely been observed among eukaryotes (multicellular organisms). However, new studies suggest that horizontal gene transfer is more common in eukaryotes than originally thought.
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It explains a biological process by contrasting it with a somewhat similar process.
It explains why a common perception of a biological process is flawed.
It proposes a direction for future research into a biological phenomenon.
It argues that two biological phenomena are more similar than they may initially appear to be.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
Some researchers posit that the species inhabiting the South Pacific island of Grande Terre belong to clades that predate the island’s split from remnants of the former supercontinent Gondwana around 80 million years ago. A study conducted by Yohan Pillon et al. found, however, that the crown age (the age of the most recent common ancestor of all living and extinct species in the clade) of the clade of Geissois trees on Grande Terre is 7.3 million years; Pillon et al. further found that the crown age of the clade of Geissois trees in the South Pacific generally is also approximately 7.3 million years.
Some researchers posit that the species inhabiting the South Pacific island of Grande Terre belong to clades that predate the island’s split from remnants of the former supercontinent Gondwana around 80 million years ago. A study conducted by Yohan Pillon et al. found, however, that the crown age (the age of the most recent common ancestor of all living and extinct species in the clade) of the clade of Geissois trees on Grande Terre is 7.3 million years; Pillon et al. further found that the crown age of the clade of Geissois trees in the South Pacific generally is also approximately 7.3 million years.
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It identifies a discrepancy between a hypothesis some researchers have proposed and related research findings, then explains that discrepancy.
It presents a possibility that some researchers have raised, then describes a study that clarifies their reasons for doing so.
It explains a view some researchers have advanced, then discusses study results that led them to reconsider that view.
It describes an idea that some researchers have put forward, then presents study results that are incompatible with that idea.
Based on the texts, how would Ert and Erev (Text 2) most likely respond to Kahneman and Tversky’s finding (Text 1)?
Text 1
In a seminal 1979 study, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky presented students and college faculty from Israel, Sweden, and the United States with hypothetical questions involving financial decisions. Finding that participants’ responses indicated that losses have a greater psychological impact than equivalent gains do, the researchers formulated the concept of loss aversion, which has since informed research in fields ranging from cognitive psychology to transportation studies.
Text 2
Eyal Ert and Ido Erev conducted an experiment in which two groups of Israeli students were exposed to financial choices that involved potential losses of either relatively minor sums of money, such as 10 Israeli shekels (low-stakes contexts), or more substantial sums, such as 100 Israeli shekels (high-stakes contexts). The researchers concluded that only the latter contexts were associated with loss aversion.
Text 1
In a seminal 1979 study, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky presented students and college faculty from Israel, Sweden, and the United States with hypothetical questions involving financial decisions. Finding that participants’ responses indicated that losses have a greater psychological impact than equivalent gains do, the researchers formulated the concept of loss aversion, which has since informed research in fields ranging from cognitive psychology to transportation studies.
Text 2
Eyal Ert and Ido Erev conducted an experiment in which two groups of Israeli students were exposed to financial choices that involved potential losses of either relatively minor sums of money, such as 10 Israeli shekels (low-stakes contexts), or more substantial sums, such as 100 Israeli shekels (high-stakes contexts). The researchers concluded that only the latter contexts were associated with loss aversion.
7
By observing that researchers’ ability to assess feelings about financial decisions is contingent on gathering adequate data about gains and losses
By agreeing that experimental results support the idea that some people tend to be more cognizant of financial losses than of gains
By disputing Kahneman and Tversky’s claim that a tendency to place excessive emphasis on financial losses accounts for the loss aversion observed in fields such as cognitive psychology and transportation studies
By contending that the attitude toward financial losses that Kahneman and Tversky observed is contingent on the magnitude of outcomes
According to the text, what is one way that The Antelope Woman differs from most of Erdrich’s work?
Tracks is a 1988 novel by Ojibwe writer Louise Erdrich. It explores how historical events affect families on a reservation in rural North Dakota. Tracks is typical of Erdrich’s work. Her writing usually focuses on portrayals of everyday life in Ojibwe communities. Yet some of her novels have fantastical plots and take place outside Ojibwe communities. For example, her 2016 novel The Antelope Woman is essentially fantasy fiction, and the otherworldly events in its plot are set in an urban Indigenous community in Minneapolis.
Tracks is a 1988 novel by Ojibwe writer Louise Erdrich. It explores how historical events affect families on a reservation in rural North Dakota. Tracks is typical of Erdrich’s work. Her writing usually focuses on portrayals of everyday life in Ojibwe communities. Yet some of her novels have fantastical plots and take place outside Ojibwe communities. For example, her 2016 novel The Antelope Woman is essentially fantasy fiction, and the otherworldly events in its plot are set in an urban Indigenous community in Minneapolis.
8
Its main characters are Ojibwe.
It isn’t set in a rural Ojibwe community.
It has been adapted into a movie.
It contains very little dialogue.
The text most strongly suggests that particular aspects of Hamilton’s political beliefs may have been omitted from the musical in part to achieve which effect?
Lin-Manuel Miranda’s 2015 hip-hop musical Hamilton depicts historical political figure Alexander Hamilton as a self-made man who, through sheer determination, transcends his humble origins to become a key participant in the founding of the United States. This depiction of Hamilton establishes him as a compelling and well-defined protagonist but obscures other facets of the historical person’s views, namely his elitism and mistrust of the democratic politics of some of his contemporaries. In effect, the musical’s portrayal of Hamilton fails to convey the ideological complexity that a more nuanced portrayal might have suggested.
Lin-Manuel Miranda’s 2015 hip-hop musical Hamilton depicts historical political figure Alexander Hamilton as a self-made man who, through sheer determination, transcends his humble origins to become a key participant in the founding of the United States. This depiction of Hamilton establishes him as a compelling and well-defined protagonist but obscures other facets of the historical person’s views, namely his elitism and mistrust of the democratic politics of some of his contemporaries. In effect, the musical’s portrayal of Hamilton fails to convey the ideological complexity that a more nuanced portrayal might have suggested.
9
To suggest why certain contributions by Hamilton to US history have been overlooked
To encourage modern audiences to emulate Hamilton’s politics
To create an unambiguous thematic presentation of Hamilton’s life
To challenge the prevailing historical consensus about Hamilton
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?
Prices of Nuts Sold by Growers in the United States,
The US Department of Agriculture’s Fruit and Tree Nuts Outlook is a document that covers a variety of subjects, from the causes of reductions in grapefruit supply to the forecast for yields of apple crops. A student studying agricultural economics is consulting a graph in the document that shows the prices for which several types of nuts have been sold by growers in the United States over four growing seasons from 2016 to 2020. The student wishes to determine in which season walnuts reached their lowest price. Consulting the graph, the student finds that this season was the _____.
Prices of Nuts Sold by Growers in the United States,
The US Department of Agriculture’s Fruit and Tree Nuts Outlook is a document that covers a variety of subjects, from the causes of reductions in grapefruit supply to the forecast for yields of apple crops. A student studying agricultural economics is consulting a graph in the document that shows the prices for which several types of nuts have been sold by growers in the United States over four growing seasons from 2016 to 2020. The student wishes to determine in which season walnuts reached their lowest price. Consulting the graph, the student finds that this season was the _____.
10
2017/18 season.
2016/17 season.
2018/19 season.
2019/20 season.
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Module I: Reading and Writing
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The questions in this section address a number of important reading and writing skills.
Each question includes one or more passages, which may include a table or graph. Read
each passage and question carefully, and then choose the best answer to the question
based on the passage(s).
All questions in this section are multiple-choice with four answer choices. Each
question has a single best answer.