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Module I: Reading and Writing
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Noah Fierer and colleagues _______ pots of sterilized soil with slurries of live microbes collected from soil in five sites across Colorado, including areas of ponderosa pine forest and dry pasture. Fierer and team then grew mustard plants in the pots to see if the different microbial slurries affected levels of spicy glucosinolates like 3-methylthiopropyl in the plants’ seeds.
Noah Fierer and colleagues _______ pots of sterilized soil with slurries of live microbes collected from soil in five sites across Colorado, including areas of ponderosa pine forest and dry pasture. Fierer and team then grew mustard plants in the pots to see if the different microbial slurries affected levels of spicy glucosinolates like 3-methylthiopropyl in the plants’ seeds.
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populated
precluded
sanitized
estimated
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
The collectibles market is one of the most difficult segments of the consumer economy to _____. Few economists would have predicted, for example, that the prices of vintage movie posters would soar in the 2010s, but soar they did.
The collectibles market is one of the most difficult segments of the consumer economy to _____. Few economists would have predicted, for example, that the prices of vintage movie posters would soar in the 2010s, but soar they did.
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forecast
avoid
exchange
monitor
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Derived from research conducted with factory workers from 1924 to 1933, the Hawthorne effect suggests that participants' awareness that they are being studied alters their behavior and influences study outcomes. Since then, several researchers have claimed to invalidate this phenomenon, positing that the Hawthorne effect cannot be _____ because attempts to detect it invariably involve faulty research methods.
Derived from research conducted with factory workers from 1924 to 1933, the Hawthorne effect suggests that participants' awareness that they are being studied alters their behavior and influences study outcomes. Since then, several researchers have claimed to invalidate this phenomenon, positing that the Hawthorne effect cannot be _____ because attempts to detect it invariably involve faulty research methods.
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inculcated
rectified
substantiated
hypothesized
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Paleontologists think that Anhanguera, Saltasaurus, and other long-extinct pterosaurs and sauropods may have breathed using air sacs connected to tubelike extensions inside the animals' bones. Such structures are found in modern birds, which is why some paleontologists treat the respiratory systems of birds as _____ those of Anhanguera, Saltasaurus, and other pterosaurs and sauropods.
Paleontologists think that Anhanguera, Saltasaurus, and other long-extinct pterosaurs and sauropods may have breathed using air sacs connected to tubelike extensions inside the animals' bones. Such structures are found in modern birds, which is why some paleontologists treat the respiratory systems of birds as _____ those of Anhanguera, Saltasaurus, and other pterosaurs and sauropods.
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emissaries for
subordinates of
harbingers of
proxies for
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
Advancements like the emergence of glassmaking in Mesopotamia circa 3500 BCE are overemphasized in innovation studies, contributing to the idea that technological change always brings greater complexity. Research by Nathaniel Erb-Satullo reveals an important exception: gold metallurgy flourished in the Caucasus in the Bronze Age, but a steep drop during that time (circa 1500 BCE) in objects featuring gold filigree (in which fine threads of gold are arranged in intricate patterns) and other sophisticated goldsmithing techniques suggests that simpler processes supplanted advanced methods.
Advancements like the emergence of glassmaking in Mesopotamia circa 3500 BCE are overemphasized in innovation studies, contributing to the idea that technological change always brings greater complexity. Research by Nathaniel Erb-Satullo reveals an important exception: gold metallurgy flourished in the Caucasus in the Bronze Age, but a steep drop during that time (circa 1500 BCE) in objects featuring gold filigree (in which fine threads of gold are arranged in intricate patterns) and other sophisticated goldsmithing techniques suggests that simpler processes supplanted advanced methods.
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It details the near-consensus among researchers in a particular field of study regarding how technology evolves and then indicates the controversial nature of a study challenging that broadly accepted view.
It summarizes the findings of several studies into the origins of a particular invention and then presents additional evidence from a more recent study that contradicts those findings.
It advances a claim made by researchers in one academic field about the nature of technological change and then critiques a contrasting claim presented by a researcher from a related academic field.
It explains that a particular interpretation of technological development has been perpetuated in an academic field and then provides a counterexample demonstrating that the interpretation isn't always accurate.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
In their study of the steering muscles regulating sclerites (minute hardened structures) in the Drosophila (fruit fly) wing hinge, Johan M. Melis et al. used machine learning to devise a convolutional neural network (CNN) model capable of predicting the pattern of wing motion produced by the maximum activity of the muscles. The CNN model's output aligned with results of prior studies by other researchers measuring muscle activity patterns directly—one of several indications, said Melis et al., that the model accurately represents important biomechanical processes underlying wing motion.
In their study of the steering muscles regulating sclerites (minute hardened structures) in the Drosophila (fruit fly) wing hinge, Johan M. Melis et al. used machine learning to devise a convolutional neural network (CNN) model capable of predicting the pattern of wing motion produced by the maximum activity of the muscles. The CNN model's output aligned with results of prior studies by other researchers measuring muscle activity patterns directly—one of several indications, said Melis et al., that the model accurately represents important biomechanical processes underlying wing motion.
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To account for Melis et al.'s reliance in their study on a CNN model in lieu of direct measurement
To provide an overview of how Melis et al. honed the accuracy of their CNN model
To present evidence from Melis et al.'s study in support of the efficacy of their CNN model
To compare results obtained by Melis et al. using their CNN model to prior results obtained from other researchers' models
Based on the text, why does Miguel accompany his brother to the sisters' house one day?
The following text is from Julia Alvarez's 2000 novel In the Name of Salomé. The narrator and her sister, daughters of a famous poet, are being tutored by Alejandro Román.1
Our tutor, Alejandro Román, brought his younger brother, Miguel, to class one day. By now I was eighteen and had learned everything Alejandro had to teach me, so I was glad for a new face. Miguel was an aspiring poet, and he had heard from his brother tha2t the Ureña girls were none other than the daughters of Nicolás Ureña, and they were smar3t as a clockwork. Miguel was hoping not only to meet us but to make the acquaintance of the poet himself at Mamá's house.
The following text is from Julia Alvarez's 2000 novel In the Name of Salomé. The narrator and her sister, daughters of a famous poet, are being tutored by Alejandro Román.1
Our tutor, Alejandro Román, brought his younger brother, Miguel, to class one day. By now I was eighteen and had learned everything Alejandro had to teach me, so I was glad for a new face. Miguel was an aspiring poet, and he had heard from his brother tha2t the Ureña girls were none other than the daughters of Nicolás Ureña, and they were smar3t as a clockwork. Miguel was hoping not only to meet us but to make the acquaintance of the poet himself at Mamá's house.
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Miguel has not received formal instruction in poetry and wants to ask the sisters' famous father to be his mentor.
Miguel wants to recite his poems to the sisters and inquire about their perspectives on his work.
Miguel has learned all his brother can teach him and now desires to be taught by the sisters.
Miguel anticipates having the opportunity to be introduced to both the sisters and their father.
What does the text most strongly suggest about paintings by Roberts?
Motivated to sell as many paintings as possible, Alfred Hair, an influential figure among the landscape artists known as the Florida Highwaymen, pioneered "fast painting," which in part involved swift applications of paint. That many of Hair's acolytes, including Livingston Roberts, imitated the technique accounts in part for the impressionistic qualities that are now synonymous with the group's shared aesthetic. But not all Highwaymen fully embraced this approach; for instance, though Charles Walker was also prolific, his paintings were executed with greater attention to detail.
Motivated to sell as many paintings as possible, Alfred Hair, an influential figure among the landscape artists known as the Florida Highwaymen, pioneered "fast painting," which in part involved swift applications of paint. That many of Hair's acolytes, including Livingston Roberts, imitated the technique accounts in part for the impressionistic qualities that are now synonymous with the group's shared aesthetic. But not all Highwaymen fully embraced this approach; for instance, though Charles Walker was also prolific, his paintings were executed with greater attention to detail.
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Roberts's reliance on the technique of fast painting likely accounts for his works being more aesthetically interesting than works by Walker are.
The lack of precision with which they were executed suggests that they are inferior to works by either Hair or Walker.
Although it is evident that Roberts adopted some of Hair's preferred techniques, Roberts's works are less derivative of works by Hair than is typically acknowledged.
Because of the manner in which they were created, they likely have visual qualities that are regarded as more typical of Florida Highwaymen paintings than the qualities in works by Walker are.
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the assertion?
While US public charities, like Commonfund, must file Form 990 yearly with the IRS, private foundations, such as Lilly Endowment Inc., must file a different form, 990-PF. In addition, foundations that engage in certain prohibited activities must also file Form 4720 and pay a penalty tax on the money involved. Private foundations are prohibited from holding excess interests in a business enterprise, "self-dealing" (conducting activities that benefit foundation insiders), making taxable expenditures such as outlays for lobbying, and failing to cross a required threshold in making charitable distributions from income. Out of the organizations that filed Form 990-PF in the years 2003-2005, _____.
While US public charities, like Commonfund, must file Form 990 yearly with the IRS, private foundations, such as Lilly Endowment Inc., must file a different form, 990-PF. In addition, foundations that engage in certain prohibited activities must also file Form 4720 and pay a penalty tax on the money involved. Private foundations are prohibited from holding excess interests in a business enterprise, "self-dealing" (conducting activities that benefit foundation insiders), making taxable expenditures such as outlays for lobbying, and failing to cross a required threshold in making charitable distributions from income. Out of the organizations that filed Form 990-PF in the years 2003-2005, _____.
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those that were also required to file Form 4720 because they had excess holdings in a business enterprise paid, on average, a larger penalty than those organizations that filed Form 4720 because they engaged in self-dealing.
those that also filed Form 4720 collectively paid larger penalties for failing to meet the minimum charitable distribution requirement than for other reasons.
a smaller percentage of those that also filed Form 4720 did so because they engaged in self-dealing than the percentage of those that filed Form 4720 because they did not meet the minimum charitable distribution requirement.
those that also filed Form 4720 paid a larger penalty for failing to meet a minimum charitable distribution requirement than those organizations that filed Form 990 but also filed Form 4720 for the same reason.
Assuming that the Volga and Don basins supported similarly sized hunter-gatherer populations 6,500–8,000 years ago, which finding, if true, would most directly support Courel and colleagues' explanation?
Blandine Courel and her colleagues analyzed pottery fragments from thirty-five sites across the Volga and Don river basins to determine whether the ways in which hunter-gatherer societies used pottery in these regions around 6,500–8,000 years ago were influenced primarily by local food availability or primarily by cultural factors. Analysis of organic residues on the pottery fragments showed different prevailing uses for pottery in these locations—cooking and storing terrestrial animal protein at Volga sites and cooking and storing aquatic animal protein at Don sites—which Courel and colleagues attribute to cultural differences.
Blandine Courel and her colleagues analyzed pottery fragments from thirty-five sites across the Volga and Don river basins to determine whether the ways in which hunter-gatherer societies used pottery in these regions around 6,500–8,000 years ago were influenced primarily by local food availability or primarily by cultural factors. Analysis of organic residues on the pottery fragments showed different prevailing uses for pottery in these locations—cooking and storing terrestrial animal protein at Volga sites and cooking and storing aquatic animal protein at Don sites—which Courel and colleagues attribute to cultural differences.
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There were many more bodies of water in a comparably sized area in the Don basin than in the Volga basin.
In both the Volga and Don basins, most of the sites from which pottery has been recovered appear to have been seasonal fishing and hunting encampments rather than year-round settlements.
The people of the Volga basin acquired the techniques used to create pottery for cooking and storing food from the people of the Don basin.
Across the Volga and Don basins, people had broadly similar access to the same terrestrial and aquatic animal resources.
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Module I: Reading and Writing
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The questions in this section address a number of important reading and writing skills.
Each question includes one or more passages, which may include a table or graph. Read
each passage and question carefully, and then choose the best answer to the question
based on the passage(s).
All questions in this section are multiple-choice with four answer choices. Each
question has a single best answer.