Module I: Reading and Writing

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Farmhouse Interior, painted in the realist style by Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch, depicts a peasant woman knitting at a table while a cat sits underneath. The realists' emphasis on accurately portraying the experiences of average working people was largely a rejection of the romantic style evident in many paintings by Pierre-Auguste Cot, which instead ________ blank their subjects' positive traits, altering subjects to appear more beautiful or heroic than they actually were.Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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rectify
apprehend
counteract
magnify

The tomato was domesticated in South America. Its physical structure is no longer identical to the structure of the wild plant it is descended from. Maize (corn) also ________ blank its wild ancestor. That ancestor plant had a few small kernels. Indigenous people in Mexico carefully bred the crop until it had numerous fleshy kernels.Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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varies from
helps with
reacts to
argues with

The collectibles market is one of the most difficult segments of the consumer economy to ________ blank. Few economists would have predicted, for example, that the prices of vintage My Little Pony figures would soar in the 2010s, but soar they did.Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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avoid
forecast
exchange
monitor

Cochabamba, Bolivia, was named a City of Gastronomy by UNESCO in 2017, a title that ________ blank that Cochabamba has a unique and vibrant food culture worthy of celebration.Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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complains
discovers
renounces
denotes

The following text is from Billie Jean King's 2021 autobiography All In. [P]eople on both sides of my family had repeatedly demonstrated an independent streak. In the end, that was the temperament I gravitated toward, too. Both the Moffitts and the members of my mother's clan, the Jermans, came from mining and oil-geyser towns on the western frontier. They kept their heads down and worked, worked, worked. But they also bucked convention.As used in the text, what does the word "demonstrated" most nearly mean?

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Protested
Defined
Exhibited
Confirmed

The following text is from Louise Erdrich’s 1986 novel The Beet Queen. Celestine takes her infant daughter with her to the butcher shop where she makes sausages. Sometimes Celestine turned around and met the direct gaze of her daughter, a look so penetrating that Celestine’s breath caught. She dropped the spice, the string, the knife she was using, and took the girl up in her arms, ready for her to speak as if a spell had suddenly lifted. When the baby flexed her entire body and struggled to free herself, Celestine put her down. No matter how thorough Celestine’s exhaustion, no matter how little sleep she’d had, there was a nerve of excitement running through each hour. ©1986 by Louise Erdrich Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

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To portray Celestine’s excitement about her daughter
To show that Celestine enjoys imagining her daughter’s future life
To detail how Celestine’s coworkers express affection for her daughter
To establish Celestine’s unhappiness with her job

In the late 1880s, Ida B. Wells-Barnett began her journalism career and served as a newspaper editor and civil rights activist. Wells-Barnett’s accomplishment is just one example of the rich history of Black journalism in the United States. That history is preserved by the National Association of Black Journalists, which was founded in Washington, DC, in 1975 to support Black media professionals and honor people like Wells-Barnett.Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

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Mark for Review
It summarizes a theory about journalism, then explains how a journalistic practice has changed over time.
It mentions a specific achievement in Black journalistic history, then describes an organization dedicated to upholding that history.
It describes the career of a well-known figure in Black journalism, then compares that career to one of a figure who is lesser known.
It introduces the history of an organization honoring Black journalists, then suggests how that organization might recruit more members.

Though Vasily Grossman’s novel Stalingrad is considered inferior to his later work Life and Fate, some critics praise it despite an arduous writing process required to satisfy Soviet censors (Aaron Lake Smith in Harper’s Magazine called Stalingrad“an accomplished historical war novel”). Of the novel’s eleven drafts, the first is largely illegible, the sixth closely hews to Soviet orthodoxy, and published versions most resemble the fifth. The English edition’s translators culled material from unpublished drafts and published Russian versions to create a comprehensive edition.Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

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Mark for Review
It notes a novel’s critical reception, addresses the complicated history of the novel’s development, and suggests how that history informed the work of the novel’s English translators.
It refers to a novel that has several different published and unpublished versions, identifies characteristics that have led critics to prefer one version to others, and tells how translators justified their choice to bring one particular version of the novel into another language.
It describes a novel whose critical reputation has declined over time, explains the cause of that decline, and reports the effort of translators to rehabilitate a work they believe has been unjustly ignored.
It mentions a novel whose quality critics do not agree on, discusses obstacles that make it difficult to determine what the best version of that novel might be, and offers a reason why some critics find a translation of the novel to be superior to the original.

Vehicle drivetrains and many other widely used mechanical systems have moving parts that rub or slide against one another, creating friction. This friction increases energy consumption and causes wear, which decreases the stability and life span of the system. Using carbon nanotubes and oil, Jun Qu and colleagues at a US Department of Energy lab have created a coating for moving parts that reduces friction to the point where it is almost nonexistent. The new coating is suitable for common applications, unlike other approaches that require special conditions.What does the text most strongly suggest about the coating created by Qu and colleagues?

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It is unlikely to be widely used because it can be applied only under special conditions.
It is unlikely to reduce wear in mechanical systems that have multiple moving parts.
It can likely be used to reduce energy consumption and wear in vehicle drivetrains and other common mechanical systems.
It can likely improve the energy consumption of certain mechanical systems but not of vehicle drivetrains.

Optimal foraging theory (OFT) holds that animals’ foraging behaviors reflect cost-benefit trade-offs that vary by species and with dynamic ecological circumstances. One such circumstance is lunar intensity, which W.J. Cresswell and Stephen Harris found to be negatively associated with foraging by European badgers but Deborah J. Curtis and colleagues found to be positively associated with foraging by mongoose lemurs. This discrepancy is explicable in terms of OFT: the lemurs’ greater reliance on vision means that higher lunar intensity benefits them more than it benefits the badgers.Information in the text best supports which statement about OFT?

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Mark for Review
It tends to allow for a better understanding of the benefits of ecological circumstances than the costs of those circumstances.
It can explain why some species act in accordance with cost-benefit trade-offs and others do not.
It can account for observations of different species responding differently to similar ecological circumstances.
It may be weakened by the finding that the costs and benefits associated with a particular ecological circumstance vary by species.
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