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Chi tiết lời giải
Module I: Reading and Writing
Text 1: A recent study found that taking naps of 30 to 45 minutes during the day can improve cognitive function, including memory, creativity, and alertness. However, the study did not find any significant differences in the cognitive benefits of naps of different lengths beyond 45 minutes, and participants who took longer naps reported less stress and improved sleep quality.
Text 2: Naps are important for cognitive function and well-being. They should be taken at a specific time of day, typically between 12:00 PM and 4:00 PM, to maximize their benefits. Additionally, napping for more than 3 hours before bedtime should be avoided to ensure better sleep quality. It's also important to consider the effects of sleep inertia, which is more likely to occur the longer a person naps. Sleep inertia is the groggy feeling you get upon waking from a deep sleep, and it can last anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours.
Based on the texts, what would the author of Text 2 say about the study in Text 1?
Text 2: Naps are important for cognitive function and well-being. They should be taken at a specific time of day, typically between 12:00 PM and 4:00 PM, to maximize their benefits. Additionally, napping for more than 3 hours before bedtime should be avoided to ensure better sleep quality. It's also important to consider the effects of sleep inertia, which is more likely to occur the longer a person naps. Sleep inertia is the groggy feeling you get upon waking from a deep sleep, and it can last anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours.
Based on the texts, what would the author of Text 2 say about the study in Text 1?
1
The author of Text 2 would agree with Text 1 that naps can provide significant cognitive benefits, though both texts agree on the length of nap to achieve these benefits.
The author of Text 2 would argue that Text 1 fails to acknowledge that longer naps can sometimes result in sleep inertia, which can negate the positive benefits of napping.
The study in Text 1 suggests that the idea of "power naps" should be redefined, as perhaps people who nap 6–20 minutes would experience the same benefits as those who nap longer.
While Text 1 is correct that napping can improve cognitive function and alertness, it fails to address that the longer a person naps, the more severe the effects of sleep inertia can be.
Text 1: Telomeres are the protective caps at the end of each strand of DNA that shorten with each cell division. Shorter telomeres have been associated with increased cellular aging and age-related diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Researchers have found that lifestyle factors, such as exercise, a healthy diet, and stress reduction, can help to preserve and possibly lengthen telomeres.
Text 2: A recent study found that the length of telomeres is not a reliable indicator of a person's health status or disease risk. The study examined telomere length in over 70,000 individuals and found no significant differences in telomere length between healthy individuals and those with chronic diseases. However, healthy individuals were more likely to report lower levels of stress than those with chronic conditions.
Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement?
Text 2: A recent study found that the length of telomeres is not a reliable indicator of a person's health status or disease risk. The study examined telomere length in over 70,000 individuals and found no significant differences in telomere length between healthy individuals and those with chronic diseases. However, healthy individuals were more likely to report lower levels of stress than those with chronic conditions.
Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement?
2
Telomere length can be a useful indicator of a person's health status.
Lifestyle factors such as exercise and stress reduction do not have a significant impact on telomere length.
Chronic diseases can shorten telomeres and contribute to cellular aging.
Lifestyle factors may play a role in determining a person's overall health status.
Text 1: Contrary to popular belief, goldfish have a longer memory than just a few seconds. Researchers have found that goldfish can remember things for up to 5 months, including where to find food and how to avoid danger. Nevertheless, the misconception about forgetful fish continues to persist, despite the fact that there has been research to contradict this fallacy for over 60 years.
Text 2: The belief that goldfish have a short-term memory likely originated from their habit of swimming in circles. Goldfish can sometimes swim in repetitive patterns, but not because they forget where they've been. Rather, they may be on the lookout for their next meal and prefer to swim in spots where they are likely to seize any available food.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 respond to the "misconception" discussed in Text 1?
Text 2: The belief that goldfish have a short-term memory likely originated from their habit of swimming in circles. Goldfish can sometimes swim in repetitive patterns, but not because they forget where they've been. Rather, they may be on the lookout for their next meal and prefer to swim in spots where they are likely to seize any available food.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 respond to the "misconception" discussed in Text 1?
3
By agreeing that goldfish do have short memories, but only for certain things that are not a consistent part of their environment.
By arguing that the misconception is somewhat correct, in that goldfish demonstrate repetitive behavior.
By explaining that people likely believe goldfish have a limited memory because they do not understand their behavior, such as why goldfish swim in circles.
By acknowledging that goldfish likely have better memories than previously thought, though there is not enough research to support that they can recall up to 5 months.
Text 1: Shoo-fly pie is a traditional molasses-based dessert made by the Pennsylvania Dutch. The first version was originally crustless and called the Centennial Cake, as it was developed for the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. This classic pie got its name from the sticky-sweet pool of molasses on top attracting flies, thus causing bakers to "shoo" the pests away.
Text 2: The earliest-known shoo-fly pie recipes were baked with no eggs, so historians speculate that they were made primarily in winter when hens were less likely to lay eggs and molasses was more readily available. As there are fewer flies in winter, the name was actually inspired by a popular circus animal named "Shoofly the Boxing Mule."
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 respond to the claim in Text 1?
Text 2: The earliest-known shoo-fly pie recipes were baked with no eggs, so historians speculate that they were made primarily in winter when hens were less likely to lay eggs and molasses was more readily available. As there are fewer flies in winter, the name was actually inspired by a popular circus animal named "Shoofly the Boxing Mule."
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 respond to the claim in Text 1?
4
By reasoning that the pie's name is likely not related to flies due to the time of year shoo-fly pies were commonly made.
By pointing out that molasses would not be settled on top of the pie, but rather baked into it, so flies would not be a factor.
By dismissing the information presented because shoo-fly pie is not the same as Centennial Cake.
By acknowledging that the pie's name was likely inspired by the ingredients used as well as cultural influences.
Text 1: Vikings, the collective name for groups living in Scandinavia in the later centuries of the first millennium, are almost universally depicted in movies, television shows, and video games as violent raiders. They are shown as fair-haired warriors who arrive in longships, steal whatever they can carry, and harm whoever tries to stop them. Even if these depictions are overblown, they must still capture the core aspect of the Viking economy: most made their living by stealing the wealth of others.
Text 2: A paleogenetic team recently concluded that Scandinavia during the time of the Vikings was ethnically diverse and cosmopolitan, at least by 10th-century standards. Additionally, archaeological evidence suggests that Vikings found willing trading partners among the communities of Northern Europe, the Mediterranean, and even the Middle East. These findings further confirm the Vikings' status as one of the most interesting and dynamic cultures of the medieval world.
Based on the texts, what would the author of Text 2 most likely say about Text 1's characterization of Viking culture?
Text 2: A paleogenetic team recently concluded that Scandinavia during the time of the Vikings was ethnically diverse and cosmopolitan, at least by 10th-century standards. Additionally, archaeological evidence suggests that Vikings found willing trading partners among the communities of Northern Europe, the Mediterranean, and even the Middle East. These findings further confirm the Vikings' status as one of the most interesting and dynamic cultures of the medieval world.
Based on the texts, what would the author of Text 2 most likely say about Text 1's characterization of Viking culture?
5
Its arguments for dismissing the archaeological evidence are weak and unsupported.
It relies too much on first-hand accounts from individuals with whom the Vikings interacted.
It challenges the predominant public understanding of the Vikings without compelling evidence.
It bases its conclusion about Viking culture on modern representations and not historical evidence.
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Module I: Reading and Writing
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The questions in this section address a number of important reading and writing skills.
Each question includes one or more passages, which may include a table or graph. Read
each passage and question carefully, and then choose the best answer to the question
based on the passage(s).
All questions in this section are multiple-choice with four answer choices. Each
question has a single best answer.