In the late 1900s, the linguist K. David Harrison developed a unique script for the endangered Siberian language, Chulym. Because it accurately mirrored the phonetics of spoken Chulym, his script was simple to learn and quickly achieved ______ use: by 2000, a considerable percentage of the Chulym people could read and write it.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The stunning natural splendor of the Rocky Mountains has served as an inspiration and ______ countless artists over the centuries. With its dramatic peaks, sprawling forests, and diverse wildlife, the area has frequently been the subject of both paintings and photographs.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

During the restoration of a Byzantine chapel in Eastern Europe, conservator Elena Petrova discovered frescoes that vividly depict scenes of agricultural life, which were uncommon in religious Byzantine art of that period. These frescoes not only provide insight into the daily life of the era but also closely ______ Byzantine Empire's lesser-known practices of integrating secular themes into religious contexts, offering a rare glimpse into the cultural syncretism of the time.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Geologist Henry Taylor's recent study on seismic activity offers important insights. His in-depth research suggests that certain construction techniques employed in earthquake-prone areas can significantly ______ the effects of tremors. These methods have proven effective in increasing building safety and thus have the potential to protect inhabitants from the hazards of seismic events.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

It is by no means ______ to overlook the environmental impact of renewable energy sources; while they significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels, the production and disposal of solar panels and wind turbines also present sustainability challenges. However, ongoing research aims to minimize these environmental drawbacks through technological innovation and improved recycling processes.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The following text is from Brian Lowell’s poem Beneath the Heavens.

Where nature paints her canvas, there I sit,

Drinking in the quiet hush of dawn,

Between the slumber of the stars and day—

A fleeting pause that cradles whispered dreams;

Through gentle veil of mists the sun emerges,

Its light painting gold on silver streams,

Awakening the world with soft caress,

While I am held in tranquility's embrace,

Feeling the heart echo dawn’s soft, rhythmic hymns.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

Text 1

Many linguists posit that language originated as an evolutionary adaptation for social bonding. In this theory, the complexity of language is viewed as a byproduct of its social function, enabling us to convey complex thoughts, forge stronger relationships, and cooperate effectively within groups. Proponents of this theory cite the intricate syntax and structure of language as evidence.

Text 2

In her book The Origin of Language, Katherine Murray proposes that language initially evolved not for social bonding, but for cognitive development, aiding in complex problem-solving and tool use. Murray refers to linguistic evidence, such as the correlation between complexity in language and advanced tool use in early societies, to support her theory.

Which choice best describes a difference in how the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 view the evidence for the origin of language?

The following passage is from The Silver Lining by Franklin R. Dickens.

Catherine, the matron of the local bakery, was always known for her meticulous attention to the freshness of her ingredients. She was known to visit the local markets at the crack of dawn to ensure she got the best of the day's produce. This obsession was known to her customers, many of whom would come early to get the freshest bakes.

Based on the text, what can be inferred about Catherine's customers?

The following text is from Melodies in Monochrome by Jasper Beck. Mia is an aspiring musician trying to make her mark in a bustling city.

Mia was a determined dreamer, her soul brimming with melodies waiting to be unveiled. She transformed her small, cramped apartment from a simple living space into a realm of harmonious resonance, a sanctuary for her creative spirit. With each strum of her guitar, she felt the pulse of the music coursing through her veins. The thrill of composing her own songs, her fingers dancing gracefully over the strings, was like painting her life's canvas with an eclectic palette of musical hues.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

Dwarf geckos (Lygodactylus) are intriguing creatures, boasting a unique ecological adaptation: their toes enable them to cling to and navigate vertical surfaces effortlessly. Biophysicist Alexander Hartmann and his team at the University of Munich claim that this extraordinary clinging ability of dwarf geckos is facilitated by intermolecular forces between the minuscule hair-like structures on their toes and the surface. This could potentially revolutionize our approach towards designing adhesive technologies.

Which finding from Hartmann's research, if true, would most directly support his claim?

In Whispers of the Willow, a 1910 poem by Thomas E. Green, the poem portrays a riverside scene at dusk, where Green characterizes the willow tree as an active participant in the setting, writing, ______

Which quotation from Whispers of the Willow most effectively illustrates the claim?

Recovery Rates of Endangered Bird Species Based on Protection Measures

A group of ornithologists studied the effectiveness of different levels of protection measures for endangered bird species of various sizes. The measures included habitat preservation, predator control, and breeding programs. They concluded that full protection measures lead to a higher species recovery rate regardless of bird size.

Which choice best describes data from the table that weaken the ornithologists' conclusion?

Although music majors make up a small percentage of the overall university graduates, they hold a significantly higher proportion of roles in advertising agencies. One possible explanation for this disproportionate representation is that the ability to understand and create mood with music can be extremely valuable in creating effective advertising campaigns, and this ability thus ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

In their reviews, music critics often deconstruct songs and albums and occasionally cite and discuss historical and contemporary musicologists. Music scholar and critic Helen Bailey argues that while critics are naturally inclined to reference musicologists who endorse their own interpretations, the most effective music reviews anticipate and counter potential objections; discussing musicologists whose views conflict with critics’ views could therefore ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Artificial intelligence has the potential to dramatically change society. However, as _____ warn, it also raises ethical concerns, such as the question of accountability for decisions made by AI systems.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Beloved mystery writer Alyssa Black creates stories that keep readers on the edge of their seats. Her book The Night Shadow presents a thrilling detective story, while her other book ______ spins a chilling tale about a haunted house.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Critiquing the science fiction epic The Last Colony (1943), renowned reviewer Susan Crane describes the story as a portrayal of humanity's perseverance amidst "utter desolation ________ a justified interpretation given the novel is set in a distant future where Earth is abandoned.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The Healthy Communities Act, passed in 1982, represented a significant investment in the infrastructure of struggling urban ______ it focused on improvements to public transportation, public housing, community centers, and parks while also establishing health programs for the public.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In the bustling city of Tokyo, the Tsukiji fish market is famous for its incredible seafood variety, attracting both local chefs and international ______ the use of state-of-the-art refrigeration systems, the market is able to handle tons of fresh seafood daily, meeting high demand without sacrificing quality.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A model developed by geologist Fiona Marshall predicts that the rate of erosion—a process where rock, soil, and other earthly material is worn away—on a mountaintop located 400 meters above sea level ______ three times faster than that on a hill 4,000 meters above sea level.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Many healthcare professionals believe that a patient's mental health is just as important as their physical health. ______ there is a significant lack of resources dedicated to mental health care in many healthcare systems around the world.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Sir Isaac Newton, widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time, made significant contributions to physics and mathematics. His laws of motion and universal gravitation laid the groundwork for classical physics. ______ Newton also developed calculus, a branch of mathematics essential for expressing physical laws.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

The Great Depression of the 1930s resulted in unprecedented economic hardship and unemployment rates across the United States. To combat this crisis, President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, a series of programs and projects aimed at recovery and reform. ______ it took the onset of World War II to finally pull the U.S. out of the Great Depression.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

•           The Sirius star was known as the Dog Star in ancient Egyptian culture.

•           It was the brightest star in the night sky.

•           Today, Sirius appears less bright than before.

•           The brightness of the star has decreased due to increased atmospheric pollution and light pollution in populated areas.

The student wants to explain why Sirius appears less bright today. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

•           In 1982, British band Daybreak released their hit single Hungry Like The Lion.

•           The song's distinctive sound was characterized by a 128 bpm tempo and a unique blend of synthesizers and rock guitar, a combination that became highly influential in the music of the 1980s.

•           In 2002, American singer Rayla Martin released her hit single In the Rain.

•           Martin’s song, featuring a synthesizer background, was deeply influenced by Daybreak’s track.

•           In the Rain features Martin's strong vocals layered on a synthesizer background with a tempo of 80 bpm.

The student wants to underscore a shared characteristic between the two songs. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

•           Alain Resnais was a renowned French film director.

•           He was famous for his innovative narrative techniques.

•           One of Resnais' most celebrated works is Last Year at Marienbad, released in 1961.

•           The film uses enigmatic and repetitive narration to blur the lines between dream and reality.

The student wants to introduce Last Year at Marienbad to an audience unfamiliar with the film and its director. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

·        Mira Nair (born 1957) is a filmmaker known for her work blending Bollywood conventions with global cinema.

·        She is widely acclaimed for her film Monsoon Wedding (2001), which showcases a Punjabi Indian wedding.

·        Monsoon Wedding won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival, making Nair the first female recipient of the award.

·        The film is celebrated for its vibrant portrayal of Indian culture and complex family dynamics.

·        Nair founded Mirabai Films, a production company focused on Indian stories with a global audience.

The student wants to begin a narrative about Nair’s award-winning film. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?